Taphonomy of experimental burials in Taphos-m: The role of fungi.

BACKGROUND: The fungi present in the decaying remains enable a better understanding of the processes of decomposition after death. There are not many studies about fungi on decaying bodies and it is not known which fungal sampling methods are effective. AIMS: The main objective of this study was to find the best method for sampling fungi in carcasses, prove the effectiveness of this method and identify the fungal colonies in animal carcasses from experimental burials. METHODS: Samples from 13 carcasses of Sus scrofa domestica, from the experimental project Taphos-m, were taken with different materials: spatula, sterile swabs and RODAC contact plates. RESULTS: RODAC contact plates with the RBA culture medium showed higher proliferation of fungal colonies. Thirty genera of fungi were isolated from different substrates (bone, tissue, lime). Most of the fungi genera or groups identified have been described before in the literature, but the substrates they came from were different in some cases. CONCLUSIONS: Sampling with RODAC contact plates was found to be the most effective method, as it provides a nutritional culture medium that may allow growth since the moment of sampling. Fungi colonies grew better in RBA culture medium because bacterial growth is inhibited. Most of the observed fungi are related to the environment but some others have been found related to decomposing bodies for the first time.

Sex selection in late Iberian infant burials: Integrating evidence from morphological and genetic data.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the infant burials found inside Iberian homes in relation to a possible case of sex selection. METHODS: The study included the remains of 11 infant individuals buried under the 10 houses excavated in the late Iberian village of Camp de les Lloses (Tona, Barcelona, Spain). Sex was determined using genetic analysis. RESULTS: Our results showed that almost all the burials were females. However, the age interval of death was wide enough to weaken the premise of infanticide, and the burials probably represent cases of natural death. DISCUSSION: Infanticide in its different forms has long been argued as an explanation for the infant remains found throughout various burial sites. Many authors thought that infanticide, mainly femicide, was the main method of population control in ancient times. However, there is no anthropological evidence (age distribution and sex analyzed genetically) to support the intentional killing of females in this or in other cases. We hypothesized that there was a positive selection for females to be buried inside the houses, probably related to their benefactor roles.

Comparación de los efectos tafonómicos observados en dos estructuras funerarias de espacio vacío / The taphonomic effects comparison in two empty space burial structures

Introducción. La tafonomía ayuda a entender las cuestiones relacionadas con las modificaciones post mortem de los restos cadavéricos en los campos de la paleontología, la arqueología y la antropología forense. Por ello, el objetivo principal del proyecto experimental Taphos-m es generar un corpus en tafonomía que permita comprender qué agentes y procesos tafonómicos son los responsables de los efectos observados en diferentes contextos. Material y métodos. Pasados 3 años y medio desde su inhumación, se ha valorado el estado cadavérico de 2 cuerpos de Sus scrofa domestica enterrados en 2 estructuras vacías de características constructivas distintas, así como la distribución espacial que presentaban los elementos anatómicos. En caso de esqueletización, también se describe el estado de la superficie cortical de los huesos y la eventual fragmentación ósea. También se han llevado a cabo analíticas complementarias, como análisis histológico y patológico. Resultados. Los restos del animal enterrado en la tumba de piedra se encontraron en estado desecado, mientras que los restos inhumados en la tumba de tejas planas estaban prácticamente esqueletizados. Se observaron diferencias en el análisis de los efectos tafonómicos, sobre todo en relación con la distribución espacial de los elementos anatómicos, vinculados con la presencia de sedimento y el estado cadavérico. La lesión que presentaba uno de los animales en la extremidad trasera podría influir en el mantenimiento de la articulación anatómica. Conclusiones. Los datos meteorológicos del momento de la inhumación y las características de la tumba son variables que determinan la evolución y el estado cadavérico de los restos, pero no son las únicas, ya que las lesiones pueden suponer diferencias en la distribución espacial de los restos óseos y articulaciones anatómicas (AU)

Introduction. Taphonomy helps to understand the issues related to changes of the cadaveric remains in the frame of palaeontology and archaeology as well as in the frame of forensic anthropology. The first objective of the experimental project Taphos-m was to generate a corpus of information on taphonomy to know what taphonomic agents and process could be responsible for the observable effects in field. Materials and methods. The cadaveric state of Sus scrofa domestica remains and the spatial distribution of the anatomical elements has been described. In the case of skeletonization, the state of the cortical surface and fragmentation of the bones was evaluated too. Also the pathological and histological analysis has been observed. Results. The animal remains buried in the stone tomb were in dried state, while the remains buried in the tile tomb were skeletonized. There were differences in the observable taphonomic effects, particularly in the spatial distribution of the anatomical elements. The lesion in the leg of one animal could be responsible of the maintenance of anatomic articulation. Conclusions. Meteorological data during inhumation and the tomb characteristics are variables that determine the evolution and condition of the remains, but they are not the only ones: the pathological lesions may involve differences in the spatial distribution of the bones and anatomical articulations (AU)

Exhumaciones de los restos humanos no reclamados como modelo tafonómico / Exhumation of unclaimed human remains as taphonomic model

Introducción: El hallazgo de restos esqueléticos o en avanzado estado de descomposición implica la resolución de cuestiones fundamentales como su procedencia, el intervalo posmortal y la determinación de los efectos tafonómicos observados. Este trabajo presenta un proyecto innovador en el campo de la tafonomía forense en España que utiliza restos cementeriales como modelo de estudio. Material y métodos: Se analizan restos humanos no reclamados del cementerio de Terrassa. El proyecto considera las variables del contexto, el estado de descomposición, la patología ósea y los artefactos tafonómicos. Resultados: Se analizaron 169 cuerpos de ambos sexos y de distintos grupos etarios. Se observaron fenómenos tafonómicos y de conservación relacionados con situaciones ante mortem (perfil biológico, patología, tratamientos, fracturas, etc.) y post mortem (tratamiento forense, tanatopráctico y/o tanatoestético, y otros artefactos tafonómicos). Conclusiones: Este estudio, de carácter preliminar, muestra los beneficios de los modelos cementeriales en el ámbito de la antropología física y forense (AU)

Introduction: The recovery of human skeletal remains or remains in high stage of decay implies important questions to be answered, such as the origin of those remains, the post mortem interval, and the taphonomic effects that are observed. This study presents a pioneer project about human forensic taphonomy in Spain. Material and methods: Unclaimed human remains from cemetery of Terrassa (Barcelona) were analysed. Context of remains, decomposition stage, bone pathology and taphonomic artefacts are the variables that are taken into consideration during this project. Results: One hundred sixty-nine corpses, including both genders and different ages, were analysed. Taphonomic phenomena and conservation pattern related with ante mortem (biological profile, pathology, treatment, fractures, etc.) and post mortem (forensic treatment, thanatopraxy and/or mortuary aesthetics, and other taphonomic artefacts) situation were observed. Conclusions: This preliminary study shows the benefits of the use of cemetery models in the field of physical and forensic anthropology (AU)

Where do those remains come from?

Part of the study of skeletal remains or corpses in advance decay located in the field involves determining their origin. They may be the result of criminal activity, accident, unearthed because of erosion, or they may also have originated from a cemetery. The discovery site, condition of the remains, and the associated artifacts, are factors that could be helpful for the forensic anthropologist to identify the origin of the remains. In order to contribute to this recognition, an analysis was made of the exhumations of 168 unclaimed human remains from the cemetery of Terrassa (Catalonia, Spain). This investigation presents a description of artifacts and conditions of remains that could indicate that the human remains may have originated from a cemetery.